Exploring the Role of Human Microbiome in Modulating Immune Responses:Implications for Autoimmune Diseases
1AHMAD ZEESHAN,2Dr Mahtab Akhtar,3Babar Ali Raza,4Muhammad Sadiq Achakzai,5Umar Khan,6Hadi Raza
Submission: 15 January 2026 | Acceptance: 17 February 2026 | Publication: 11 March 2026,
1ASSISTANT PROFESSOR MEDICINE, ALLIED HOSPITAL FAISAL ABAD MEDICAL UNIVERSITY
2Niazi Medical and Dental College
3UHS,Lahore
4Associate Professor, Gastroentrology, Bolon Medical College
5PIMS
6UHS,Lahore
ABSTRACT:
Background: The human microbiome has emerged as a key player in regulating immune responses. Its interaction with the host immune system is believed to influence the development and progression of autoimmune diseases. Dysbiosis, an imbalance in microbial communities, may contribute to immune dysfunction, leading to increased susceptibility to autoimmune conditions.
Aim: Thisstudy aimed toinvestigate therole of the human microbiome in modulating immune responses and its potential implications for the development and management of autoimmune diseases.
Methods: This observational study was conducted between September 2023 and August 2024, involving 80 participants diagnosed with various autoimmune diseases. Fecal and blood samples were collected to analyze microbial composition and immune markers. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) and flow cytometry were used to identify microbial diversity and immune cell profiles, respectively. Thecorrelation between microbiome composition and immune response modulation was assessed using statistical analysis.
Results: A significant alteration in gut microbial diversity was observed in participants with autoimmune diseases compared to healthy controls. Certain microbial taxa were found to be associated with pro- inflammatory cytokine levels, while others were linked to regulatory immune responses. The results indicated that microbiome dysbiosis could exacerbate autoimmune reactions by promoting inflammatory pathways.In contrast,a more balanced micro biome composition was associated with enhanced regulatory T-cell activity, suggesting its protective role in autoimmune conditions.
Conclusion: This study provided evidence that the human microbiome plays a critical role in modulating immuneresponses,with potential implications for autoimmune disease progression and management.
Keywords: Human microbiome,immune modulation,autoimmune diseases,dysbiosis,regulatoryT-cells, microbial diversity