Novel Biomarkers in Type 2 Diabetes Paving the Way for Earlier and More Accurate Detection
1Dr. Muhammad Zahid, 2Sana Shahzad, 3Ansa Batool, 4Asad Jahangir, 5Nazneen Tabbasum, 6Kamran Safdar
Submission: 15 January 2026 | Acceptance: 29 January 2026 | Publication: 22 February 2026
1Associate Professor, physiology department, Nowshera Medical College, Nowshera.
2Senior Demonstrator Physiology at Azra Naheed Medical College , Superior University Lahore.
3BIHS, Islamabad.
4PIMS, Islamabad
5Gangaram Hospital, Lahore
6Mayo Hosital, Lahore
Abstract
Background:
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a determined metabolic condition highlighted by insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction. Early detection of individuals at risk is critical to avert disease progression and complications. Traditional diagnostic and its methods, includes fasting blood glucose and HbA1c, may detect T2DM after remarkable metabolic disturbance has occurred.
Objective:
This study aims to highlight and asses narrative biomarkers with potential for early detection of T2DM before the start of clinical symptoms or standardized diagnostic doorstep.
Methods:
A cross-sectional study was held which involves 210 participants classify into norm glycemic, prediabetes, and newly identified T2DM groups. Blood samples were examined for traditional indicators and appearing biomarkers, which includes adiponectin, fetuin-A, fibroblast growth factor 21, and microRNAs.
Results:
The novel biomarkers manifest statistically remarkable differences across the three different groups. Adiponectin levels were in face and related to insulin resistance, while fetuin-A and FGF21 levels were elevated in prediabetes and diabetic participants. Specific circulating miRNAs also highlight distinct expression patterns, which relates with glucose dysregulation.
Conclusion:
Narrative biomarkers includes adiponectin, fetuin-A, FGF21, and selected miRNAs gives promising potential for early detection of T2DM. Combining these into screening protocols could increase risk stratification and timely intercede strategies.
Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Screening, FGF21, Cardio