Vitamin D Levels in Pakistani Adults Attending Family Practice Clinics
1Dr. Muhammad Bilal, 2Dr Seema Yasmeen, 3Dr Kazim Raja, 4 Danish Marwat, 5Mansoor Ali, 6Dr. Adnan Jahangir
Submission: 17 February 2026 | Acceptance: 19 March 2026 | Publication: 05 April 2026,
1Associate Professor Medicine MTI Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar
2Shahida Islam Medical and Dental College, Lodhran
3Service Hospital, Lahore
4Liaqat Hospital, Karachi
5UHS, Lahore
6PIMS, Islamabad
Abstract
Background
Vitamin D deficiency is a global public health concern, with especially high prevalence rates in South Asian countries, including Pakistan. Despite abundant sunlight, low vitamin D levels are frequently observed among the population, which may contribute to musculoskeletal and systemic health problems.
Objective
To determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among adults attending family practice clinics in Pakistan and to explore demographic and lifestyle factors associated with low serum vitamin D levels.
Methods
This cross-sectional study involved adult patients (aged ≥19) visiting family practice clinics in urban and semi-urban areas. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels were measured, and a structured questionnaire was used to collect demographic and lifestyle data. Vitamin D levels were categorized as deficient (<22 ng/mL), insufficient (20–30 ng/mL), and sufficient (≥3 ng/mL).
Results
Among 360 participants, 62.2% had vitamin D deficiency, 27.9% had insufficiency, and only 14% had sufficient levels. Women, individuals with lower sun exposure, and those who wore covered clothing had significantly lower levels. Educational status and dietary habits also showed associations with vitamin D status.
Conclusion
Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent among Pakistani adults attending family practice clinics. Public health strategies including awareness campaigns, supplementation, and lifestyle modifications are needed to address this widespread issue.
Keywords: Vitamin D, deficiency, cross sectional study, muscle skeletal